内容摘要
孝歌是在丧葬仪式上闹丧守灵时演唱的歌曲,是我国民间丧葬习俗的组成部分。全州
孝歌是指流传在全州县的闹丧习俗,它在全州人的生活中占有着重要的位置。孝歌的流传
遍及在全州县的大街小巷,具有鲜明的地方色彩。
涉及到全州县孝歌的相关文献不是很多,主要停留在搜集整理和描述介绍两个方面。
但是这些文献并没有对全州孝歌进行系统深入地研究。本论文试图以搜集到的孝歌文本资
料为依据,根据一定的分类标准对全州孝歌的内容进行研究,并分析孝歌的特点,以及重
点分析其所蕴含的文化内涵。接着运用人类学田野调查方法对全州县孝歌的传承现状进行
详细描述和分析,以三位孝歌歌师为个案探讨孝歌的传承机制,论述孝歌歌师在当今严峻
的形势下如何转型,适应时代的要求,并试图探讨和分析孝歌的保护策略,以期从整体上
把握孝歌文化,丰富、推动孝歌文化的研究。
本文的主要内容共分为六个部分。第一部分是引论,主要内容包括分析孝歌的含义,
确定全州孝歌的范围,交待论文的研究缘起,梳理了孝歌研究的文献,并对其进行系统的
归纳分析,同时还说明了论文的主要内容,以及指出了论文的研究方法和研究角度。第二
部分从整体上介绍了全州县的生成环境,从自然生态环境与历史文化环境两个方面分析孝
歌形成和发展的客观原因。第三部分根据孝歌的不同分类,主要分析了孝歌的内容,并论
述了孝歌的两个特点程式化和口头性。第四部分主要分析了孝歌的文化内涵,着重探讨了
孝歌的孝道观念、宗教观念和生死观念。第五部分探讨了歌师的传承方式、传承条件以及
传承现状。第六部分是结论,针对孝歌的传承现状提出一些行之有效的保护措施。
孝歌作为一种在丧葬仪式上演唱的歌谣,通过历代经久不衰的民俗活动得以传承下
来,这与全州当地的自然条件、人文环境以及人们所形成的文化意识和心理特征有着密切
的关系,它把人们特有的思维方式、精神气质、情感因素都融化在孝歌的演唱中。随着时
代的发展,社会的进步,娱乐功能的强化,人们审美意识的追求,在现代化的冲击下,和
许多民间文化一样,孝歌的传承面临着严峻的考验。因此,如果我们尊重、支持和改良丧
葬习俗,保护好作为孝歌载体的丧葬仪式。才能够延续和发展孝歌文化传承的血脉。
关键词:孝歌;文化内涵;歌师 ;传承;全州II
Exploration on the Xiaoge in Quanzhou
Abstract:Xiaoge in the funeral ceremony funeral vigils, sang the song, the funeral customs of
China, civil component. Chonju filial songs that circulated in the Quanzhou funeral customs,
which in the whole of life, who occupy an important position. Xiaoge in Quanzhouxian spread
throughout the streets and have a distinct feature.
Xiaoge Quanzhou related to the relevant literature are not many, the main stay in the
collection and description of finishing on two aspects. However, these documents did not state
Xiaoge systematic in-depth study. This paper attempts to collect the information filial song text
as the basis, in accordance with certain criteria for the classification of the state of the content of
filial songs research, and analysis of the characteristics of filial songs, as well as on the analysis
contained in its cultural content. Then use survey methodology to the field of anthropology
Quanzhou Xiaoge heritage status detailed description and analysis to three songs written by Xiao
case of filial piety for the transmission mechanism songs, songs written by Xiao discussed in
today's grim situation, how we should restructuring, to the requirements of the times and try to
examine and analyse the protection of filial songs strategy with a view to grasp the whole culture
of filial songs, rich and filial songs promoting cultural research.
The main content is divided into six parts. Introduction to the first part, the main contents
include an analysis of the meaning of filial songs, the state determined the scope of filial songs,
account research papers Origin, Xiaoge carding a study of literature, and its system of induction,
and also describes the Papers and the main contents of the paper and pointed out that the research
methods and research perspective. The second part of a whole generation introduced Quanzhou
environment from the natural ecological environment and historical and cultural aspects of the
environment of formation and development of filial songs objective reasons. According to
Xiaoge of the third part of the different classifications, the main song of the contents of filial
piety, and discusses the characteristics of filial piety of the two songs and oral sexual
programmable. Part IV analyzes the cultural connotation of filial songs, focusing on the concept
of filial piety songs, religious values and concepts of life and death. Fifth part of the heritage
division of the song, transmission conditions and inheritance status quo. Part VI is the
conclusions and filial songs heritage status to some effective protective measures.
Xiaoge as a funeral ceremony in the songs sung by successive enduring folk activities to be
inherited, and the state of local natural conditions, human environment, as well as people formed
by cultural awareness and psychological characteristics are closely related , the people and the
unique way of thinking, ethos, emotional factors in the melting filial songs in concert. With the
development of the times and the progress of society, the strengthening of entertainment features,
and the pursuit of aesthetic consciousness people, the impact of modernization, and many folk
culture, songs of filial inheritance faced with a severe test. Therefore, if we respect and support
and improved funerary practices, protect songs as a vector of filial piety funeral ceremony. Be
able to continue and develop filial songs cultural heritage, and blood.
Key words: Xiaoge ,cultural connotation of songs, singers, Quanzhou31
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一 引论
(一) 研究对象
本文的研究对象是全州孝歌。孝歌是在丧葬仪式上闹丧守灵时演唱的歌曲,是我国民
间丧葬习俗的组成部分。
我国很早就有在丧葬仪式上唱歌的习俗传统。《中国风俗大辞典》说:“挽歌:旧俗,
送葬时,执绋者所唱的哀悼死者的歌。”先秦典籍中有关记载见《左传》:“齐将与吴战于
艾陵,公孙夏命其徒歌《虞殡》。”杜预说:“《虞殡》是一首丧歌。汉、魏以来的着名挽歌
有《薤露》、《篙里》是相和歌。”在《晋书·礼志》中曾有记载:“汉魏故事,天丧及大臣
之丧,执绋者挽歌。新礼以为挽歌,出于汉武帝役人之劳,歌声哀切,遂以为送终之礼。”
晋代崔豹《古今注》说:“《薤露》送王公贵人,《篙里》送士大夫庶民,使挽枢者歌之,
一不甚哀,故为挽歌以寄哀音。”晋代干宝《搜神记》云: “挽歌者执绋者相倡和之者。”
晋代秘书监挚虞也认为: “挽歌因倡和而为摧怆之声 虽非经典所载,是历代故事。”
我国大部分地区都有孝歌习俗。在漫长的历史传承过程中,各地的孝歌习俗与当地的
风俗融合,表现出各自的特点,因而孝歌存在不同的叫法名称,又叫丧歌、闹丧歌、夜歌、
丧堂歌、丧鼓歌、跳丧鼓等等。聂玉文在《巫风蛮俗与宗教的兼容并蓄——湘中丧葬风俗
调查》一文中提到:“唱夜歌,又称孝歌、丧歌、哀歌、坐夜歌,是伴随着丧葬活动而出
现的一种仪式歌。”
[1]
何昌林在《屈原村丧礼歌赞研究》中说:“‘打丧鼓’即击鼓鸣锣而
歌赞之’——治丧。从湘西到陕南,‘打丧鼓’无处无之。”《中国民间文学集成·广西分
卷·全州县歌谣集》记载:“孝歌是桂北地区一种重要的民间祭奠风俗。也叫闹丧歌,遇
有丧事,村人和歌师聚集孝堂,配以大鼓,通宵达旦而唱。有固定的程式,内容非常广泛,
唱词长短不一。意在哀悼死者,宽慰孝家。”廖松云认为:“孝歌即丧歌。老者去逝,亲朋
戚友在灵堂唱的歌,统称为孝歌。唱孝歌叫打歌堂。桂北的孝歌,流传在灌阳、全州、兴
安等县的山区和平原、瑶族和汉族的寨寨村村。”
[2]
全州孝歌是指流传在全州县的闹丧习俗,它在全州人的生活中占有着重要的位置。孝
歌的流传遍及在全州县的大街小巷,具有鲜明的地方色彩。全州民间将满寿(60 岁)去世
的老人称为尽阳寿。亡者家属报丧后,歌师聚集在灵堂,坐在灵枢旁,天黑时开始唱歌, |